Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?
Identifieur interne : 000482 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000481; suivant : 000483Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?
Auteurs : Anna C. Fagre ; Rebekah C. KadingSource :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV). Direct transmission cycles are often implicated in these outbreaks, with virus shed in bat feces, urine, and saliva. An additional mode of virus transmission between bats and humans requiring further exploration is the spread of disease via arthropod vectors. Despite the shared ecological niches that bats fill with many hematophagous arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, etc.) known to play a role in the transmission of medically important arboviruses, knowledge surrounding the potential for bats to act as reservoirs for arboviruses is limited. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining the current understanding and potential for bats to act as reservoirs for viruses transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Serosurveillance and viral isolation from either free-ranging or captive bats are described in relation to four arboviral groups (
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v11030215
PubMed: 30832426
PubMed Central: 6466281
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?</title><author><name sortKey="Fagre, Anna C" sort="Fagre, Anna C" uniqKey="Fagre A" first="Anna C." last="Fagre">Anna C. Fagre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kading, Rebekah C" sort="Kading, Rebekah C" uniqKey="Kading R" first="Rebekah C." last="Kading">Rebekah C. Kading</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30832426</idno><idno type="pmc">6466281</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6466281</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6466281</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v11030215</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001933</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001933</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001933</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001933</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000482</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000482</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?</title><author><name sortKey="Fagre, Anna C" sort="Fagre, Anna C" uniqKey="Fagre A" first="Anna C." last="Fagre">Anna C. Fagre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kading, Rebekah C" sort="Kading, Rebekah C" uniqKey="Kading R" first="Rebekah C." last="Kading">Rebekah C. Kading</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV). Direct transmission cycles are often implicated in these outbreaks, with virus shed in bat feces, urine, and saliva. An additional mode of virus transmission between bats and humans requiring further exploration is the spread of disease via arthropod vectors. Despite the shared ecological niches that bats fill with many hematophagous arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, etc.) known to play a role in the transmission of medically important arboviruses, knowledge surrounding the potential for bats to act as reservoirs for arboviruses is limited. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining the current understanding and potential for bats to act as reservoirs for viruses transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Serosurveillance and viral isolation from either free-ranging or captive bats are described in relation to four arboviral groups (<italic>Bunyavirales</italic>, <italic>Flaviviridae</italic>, <italic>Reoviridae</italic>, <italic>Togaviridae</italic>). Further, ecological associations between bats and hematophagous viral vectors are characterized (e.g., bat bloodmeals in mosquitoes, ingestion of mosquitoes by bats, etc). Lastly, knowledge gaps related to hematophagous ectoparasites (bat bugs and bed bugs (<italic>Cimicidae</italic>) and bat flies (<italic>Nycteribiidae</italic> and <italic>Streblidae</italic>)), in addition to future directions for characterization of bat-vector-virus relationships are described.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calisher, C H" uniqKey="Calisher C">C.H. Calisher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Childs, J E" uniqKey="Childs J">J.E. Childs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Field, H E" uniqKey="Field H">H.E. Field</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, K V" uniqKey="Holmes K">K.V. Holmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schountz, T" uniqKey="Schountz T">T. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30832426</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6466281</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v11030215</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-11-00215</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0969-5078</contrib-id><name><surname>Fagre</surname><given-names>Anna C.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-915X</contrib-id><name><surname>Kading</surname><given-names>Rebekah C.</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-11-00215">Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;<email>anna.fagre@colostate.edu</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-11-00215"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>rebekah.kading@colostate.edu</email>; Tel.: +1-970-491-7833</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>3</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>215</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>2</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>01</day><month>3</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Bats are known to harbor and transmit many emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are extremely pathogenic in humans but do not cause overt pathology in their bat reservoir hosts: henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra), filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg), and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV). Direct transmission cycles are often implicated in these outbreaks, with virus shed in bat feces, urine, and saliva. An additional mode of virus transmission between bats and humans requiring further exploration is the spread of disease via arthropod vectors. Despite the shared ecological niches that bats fill with many hematophagous arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, etc.) known to play a role in the transmission of medically important arboviruses, knowledge surrounding the potential for bats to act as reservoirs for arboviruses is limited. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining the current understanding and potential for bats to act as reservoirs for viruses transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Serosurveillance and viral isolation from either free-ranging or captive bats are described in relation to four arboviral groups (<italic>Bunyavirales</italic>, <italic>Flaviviridae</italic>, <italic>Reoviridae</italic>, <italic>Togaviridae</italic>). Further, ecological associations between bats and hematophagous viral vectors are characterized (e.g., bat bloodmeals in mosquitoes, ingestion of mosquitoes by bats, etc). Lastly, knowledge gaps related to hematophagous ectoparasites (bat bugs and bed bugs (<italic>Cimicidae</italic>) and bat flies (<italic>Nycteribiidae</italic> and <italic>Streblidae</italic>)), in addition to future directions for characterization of bat-vector-virus relationships are described.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>arboviruses</kwd><kwd>bats</kwd><kwd>reservoir</kwd><kwd>wildlife</kwd><kwd>zoonoses</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="viruses-11-00215-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-00215-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Table describing species with published results describing virus isolation, molecular evidence, or seroconversion to species in family <italic>Bunyavirales</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Isolation/<break></break>Molecular Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serologic Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Nairoviridae</italic>, genus <italic>Orthonairovirus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ahun virus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis mystacinus, Pipistrellus pipstrellus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHF)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus, Coleura afra, Hipposideros cf. caffer, Miniopterus inflatus, Hipposideros gigas, Eidolon helvum, Epomops franqueti, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Micropteropus pusillus, Myonycteris torquata, Myotis dasycneme, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis blythii, Nyctalus noctula</italic><break></break>Unidentified species (France)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gossas (GOSV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tadarida</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Issyk-Kul (IKV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nyctalus noctula</italic>, <italic>Myotis blythii</italic>, <italic>Vespertilio serotinus</italic>; Argasid ticks collected from <italic>Vespertilio pipstrellus, V. serotinus, Nyactulus noctula,</italic> and <italic>Myotis blythii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B36-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kasokero (KKOV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B37-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="B38-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Keterah (KTRV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tick larvae (<italic>Argus pusillus</italic>) collected from <italic>Scotophilus temmincki</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leopards Hill (LPHV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hipposideros gigas</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B40-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uzun Agach (UAV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis blythii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yogue (YOGV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B35-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="B38-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Peribunyaviridae,</italic> genus <italic>Orthobunyavirus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bunyamwera virus (BUNV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis lucifugus, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B45-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bimiti virus (BIMV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anoura geoffroyi, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus parnellii, Natalus tumidirostrus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">California encephalitis virus (CEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis keenii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Catú virus (CATUV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Molossus obscurus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anoura geoffroyi, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guama virus (GMAV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentified bat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anoura geoffroyi, Phyllostomus hastatus, Artibeus literatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B32-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaeng Khoi Virus (KKV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaerephon plicata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Taphazous theobaldi, Chaerephon plicata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="B48-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>,<xref rid="B49-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manzanilla virus (MANV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Molossus ater</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nepuyo virus (NEPV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus jamaicensis</italic>, <italic>Artibeus literatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus jamaicensis, Phyllostomus hastatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oriboca virus (ORIV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus literatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Restan virus (RESV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus literatus, Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Phenuiviridae,</italic> genus <italic>Phlebovirus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malsoor virus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus leschenaultia</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Miniopterus schreibersii, Eptesicus capensis, Micropteropus pusillus, Hipposideros abae, Hipposideros caffer, Epomops franqueti, Glauconycteris argentata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus, Epomophorus labiatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B1-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B27-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B29-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B51-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>,<xref rid="B52-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>,<xref rid="B53-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toscana virus (TOSV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pipistrellus kuhli</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>,<xref rid="B55-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unclassified</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bangui virus (BGIV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentified bat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mojuí dos Campos virus (MDCV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentified bat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-00215-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-00215-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Table describing species with published results describing virus isolation, molecular evidence, or seroconversion to species in genus <italic>Flavivirus</italic> (family <italic>Flaviviridae</italic>).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Isolation/<break></break>Molecular Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serologic Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Banzi virus (BANV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Epomophorus anuras, Miniopterus schreibersii, Tadarida pumila, Mops condylurus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bussuquara virus (BSQV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus jamaicensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central European encephalitis virus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidentified bat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B1-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue virus (DENV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Desmodus rotundus, Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia brevicauda, Myotis nigricans, Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus literatus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Myotis lucifugus, Artibeus intermedius, Molossus sinaloae, Molossus pretiosus, Rhogeessa bickhami, Molossus rufus, Eumops glaucinus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis nigricans, Pteronotus parnellii, Natalus stramineus, Artibejus jamaicensis, Artibeus</italic> spp., <italic>Uroderma</italic> spp., <italic>Molossus</italic> spp., <italic>Chaerephon pumilus, Mops condylurus, Anoura geoffroyi, Artibeus cinereus, Artibeus literatus, Carollia perspicillata, Molossus ater, Molossus molossus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnellii, Sturnira</italic> spp., <italic>Pteropus gouldii, Pteropus giganteus, Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus intermedius, Molossus sinaloae, Rhogeessa io, Molossus pretiosus, Balantiopteryx plicata, Molossus rufus, Rhogeessa bickhami, Epomophorus labiatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B29-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B57-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>,<xref rid="B59-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>,<xref rid="B60-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>,<xref rid="B61-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>,<xref rid="B62-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>,<xref rid="B63-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>,<xref rid="B65-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>,<xref rid="B78-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>,<xref rid="B97-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="B100-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>,<xref rid="B101-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>,<xref rid="B102-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ilheus virus (ILHV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anoura geoffroyi, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus davyi, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Desmodus rotundus, Molossus ater</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese encephalitis virus (JBEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Murina aurata</italic>, <italic>Rousettus leschenaultia, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Pipistrellus subflavus, Pipistrellus abramus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Hipposideros armiger terasensis, Miniopterus fuliginosus, Rhinolophus cornutus, Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus cornutus, Pteropus alecto, Cynopterus sphinx</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus leschenaultia</italic>, <italic>Taphozous melanopogon</italic>, <italic>Miniopterus fuliginosus, Myotis macrodactylus</italic>, <italic>Miniopterus shreibersii, Eptesicus fuscus, Pteropus alecto, Pteropus goldii, Pteropus scapulatus,</italic> Genera <italic>Hipposideros</italic> and <italic>Miniopterus, Pteropus giganteus, Murina leucogaster, Megaderma lyra, Cynopterus sphynx, Myotis mystacinus, Pipistrellus abramus, Plecotus auritus, Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Vespertilio superans, Hipposideros armiger, Hipposideros pomona, Hipposideros speoris, Hipposideros bicolor, Hipposideros cineraceus, Rhinolophus cornutus, Rhinolophus rouxi, Rousettus leschenaultia, Miniopterus schreibersii, Pipistrellus abramus, Rhinolophus macrotus,</italic> undetermined species</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B67-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>,<xref rid="B69-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>,<xref rid="B70-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>,<xref rid="B71-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>,<xref rid="B72-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>,<xref rid="B73-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B74-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>,<xref rid="B75-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B76-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>,<xref rid="B77-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>,<xref rid="B78-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>,<xref rid="B79-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>,<xref rid="B80-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>,<xref rid="B81-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>,<xref rid="B82-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>,<xref rid="B83-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>,<xref rid="B87-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>,<xref rid="B103-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>,<xref rid="B104-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>,<xref rid="B105-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>,<xref rid="B106-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jugra virus (JUGV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cynopterus brachyotis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhinolophus rouxi</italic>, <italic>Cynopterus sphinx</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus leschenaultii, Cynopterus sphinx, Pteropus giganteus, Rhinolophus rouxi</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>,<xref rid="B108-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>,<xref rid="B109-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eptesicus pumilus, Pteropus gouldi, Pteropus scapulatus, Pteropus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>,<xref rid="B102-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>,<xref rid="B110-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>,<xref rid="B111-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ntaya virus (NTAV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Rousettus</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Tadarida brasiliensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus intermedius, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Artibeus phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina</italic>, <italic>Molossus major</italic>, <italic>Phyllostomus hastatus, Sturnira lilium, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Molossus ater, Anoura geoffroyi, Carollia perspicillata, Molossus molossus, Natalus tumidirostris, Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnellii, Tadarida brasiliensis</italic>, <italic>Sturnira</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B69-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>,<xref rid="B69-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>,<xref rid="B85-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>,<xref rid="B87-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>,<xref rid="B88-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>,<xref rid="B97-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="B103-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>,<xref rid="B112-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>,<xref rid="B113-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>,<xref rid="B114-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>,<xref rid="B115-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>,<xref rid="B116-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis myotis, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Barbastella barbastellus, Myotis myotis, Plecotus auritus, Rhinolophus hipposideros</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>,<xref rid="B118-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>,<xref rid="B119-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel turkey meningoencephalitis (ITV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uganda S virus (UGSV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usutu virus (USUV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum</italic>, <italic>Rousettus</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile virus (WNV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus leschenaultia, Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugas, Myotis septentrionalis, Eidolon helvum, Epomophorous minor, Pteropus scapulatus, Mops condylurus, Glossophaga soricina, Tadarida pumila, Rousettus</italic> sp., <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic>, Undetermined species, <italic>Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B78-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>,<xref rid="B86-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>,<xref rid="B90-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>,<xref rid="B97-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="B120-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>,<xref rid="B121-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>,<xref rid="B122-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow fever virus (YFV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus, Epomophorus</italic> sp., <italic>Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Artibeus cinereus, Artibeus jamaicensus, Artibeus literatus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Molossus ater, Molossus molossus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnellii, Vampyrops helleri, Mops condylurus, Tadarida pumila, Epomophorus</italic> sp., <italic>Rousettus</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B29-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B45-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B68-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>,<xref rid="B121-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>,<xref rid="B123-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>,<xref rid="B124-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>,<xref rid="B125-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>,<xref rid="B126-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus (ZIKAV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Rousettus angolensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undetermined species, <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic>, <italic>Mops condylurus, Tadarida pumila, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus</italic> sp., Unspecified</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B75-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B121-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-00215-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-00215-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Table describing species with published results describing virus isolation, molecular evidence, or seroconversion to species in Family <italic>Reoviridae</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genus</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Isolation/<break></break>Molecular Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serologic Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref(s)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coltivirus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taï Forest reovirus (TFRV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaerephon aloysiisabaudiae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Orbivirus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bukakata (BUKV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elsey virus (PHSV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pteropus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fomede (FOMV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nycteris nana, Nycteris gambiensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>,<xref rid="B132-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>,<xref rid="B133-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>,<xref rid="B134-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heramatsu virus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis macrodactylus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>,<xref rid="B136-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ife (IFEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B137-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>,<xref rid="B138-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanaut (JAPV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syconycteris crassa</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B139-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>,<xref rid="B140-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matucare virus (MATV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genera <italic>Myotis</italic> and <italic>Noctilio</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-00215-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-00215-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Table describing species with published results describing virus isolation, molecular evidence, or seroconversion to species in genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Isolation/<break></break>Molecular Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serologic Evidence</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Babanki virus (BBKV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Epomophorus labiatus, Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya (CHIKV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eptesicus fuscus, Rousettus leschenaultia, Pteropus giganteus, Scotophilus</italic> sp., <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus, Chaerephon pumilus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus literatus</italic>, <italic>Artibeus jamaicensis, Pteropus giganteus, Megaderma lyra Hipposideros cafer</italic> undetermined species</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B1-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B60-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>,<xref rid="B66-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>,<xref rid="B75-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B143-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>,<xref rid="B150-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>,<xref rid="B151-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>,<xref rid="B152-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>,<xref rid="B153-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus intermedius, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Glossophaga soricina, Rhynchonycteris naso, Sturnira lilium, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus, Vampyrops helleri, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B47-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="B67-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>,<xref rid="B112-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>,<xref rid="B146-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>,<xref rid="B154-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>,<xref rid="B155-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mucambo virus (MUCV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Molossus ater, Phyllostomus hastatus, Carollia perspicillata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B156-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus, Chaerephon pumila</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kading, pers comm</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ross River virus (RRV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pteropus poliocephalus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pteropus poliocephalus</italic>, <italic>Pteropus scapulatus,</italic> undetermined species</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B149-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>,<xref rid="B157-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sindbis virus (SINV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhinolophidae</italic> sp., <italic>Hipposiderae</italic> sp., <italic>Myotis lucifugus, Eidolon helvum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B1-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B158-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>,<xref rid="B159-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">159</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Semliki Forest Virus (SFV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myotis lucifugus, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="B43-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B158-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carollia perspicillata, Eptesicus fuscus, Artibeus planirostris, Sturnira lilium, Artibeus turpis, Desmodus rotundus, Artibeus literatus, Artibeus literatus, Carollia sowelli, Sturnira parvidens, Glossophaga soricina, Uroderma bilobatum, Artibeus phaeotis, Pipistrellus subflavus, Plecotus townsendii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus</italic> sp., <italic>Carollia brevicauda, Carollia subrufa, Carollia perspicillata</italic>, <italic>Desmodus rotundus</italic>, <italic>Glossophaga soricina</italic>, <italic>Noctilio leporinus, Sturnira lilium, Sturnira ludovici, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Phyllostomus discolor</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B1-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B32-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B66-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>,<xref rid="B88-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>,<xref rid="B89-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>,<xref rid="B112-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>,<xref rid="B160-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>,<xref rid="B161-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>,<xref rid="B162-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>,<xref rid="B163-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>,<xref rid="B164-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">164</xref>,<xref rid="B165-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">165</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artibeus jamaicensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B166-viruses-11-00215" ref-type="bibr">166</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Fagre, Anna C" sort="Fagre, Anna C" uniqKey="Fagre A" first="Anna C." 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